Spruce Budworm
Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)
Lepidoptera: Tortricidae
- Allen, D.C.; Dorais, L.; Kettela, E.G. 1984. Survey and detection. In Schmitt, D.M., D.G. Grimble and J.L. Searcy (eds.). Spruce budworms handbook: managing the spruce budworm in eastern North America. USDA Forest Service Handbook No. 620: 21-36. -
New Window - Allen, D.C.; Abrahamson, L.P.; Eggen, D.A.; Lanier, G.N.; Swier, S.R.; Kelley, R.S.; Auger, M. 1986. Monitoring spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) populations with pheromone-baited traps. Environmental Entomology 15: 152-165. - New Window
- Dobesberger, E.J.; Lim, K.P. 1983. Required sample size for early instar spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Newfoundland. The Canadian Entomologist 115: 1523-1527. - New Window
- Fowler, G.W.; Simmons, G.A. 1982. Spruce budworm egg mass density on balsam fir: low to extreme population levels (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The Great Lakes Entomologist 15: 277-286. - New Window
- Fowler, G. W.; Simmons, G. A. 1985. Spruce budworms handbook: sampling
procedures for spruce budworm egg-mass surveys (with reference to the Lake States). Agric. Handb. 635. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; 33 p. - New Window
- Lynch, A.M.; Fowler, G.W.; Simmons, G.A. 1990. Sequential sampling plans for spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) egg mass density using Monte Carlo simulation. Journal of Economic Entomology 83: 1479-1484. - New Window
- MacLean, D. A.; MacKinnon, W. W. 1998. Sample sizes required to estimate
defoliation of spruce and balsam fir caused by spruce budworm population accurately. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 15: 135-140. - New Window
- Montgomery, B. A.; Simmons, G. A.; Witter, J. A.; Flexner, J. L. 1982. The spruce budworm handbook: a management guide for spruce-fir stands in the Lake States. Handb. 82-7. Ann Arbor, MI: Michigan Cooperative Forest Pest Management Program; 35 p. - New Window
- Moody, B. H.; Otvos, I. S. 1980. Distribution of hibernating spruce budworm larvae within crowns of balsam fir trees in Newfoundland. Information Rpt. N-X-182. St. John’s, Newfoundland: Environment Canada, Forestry Service, Newfoundland Forest Research Centre; 21 p. - New Window
- Morris, R.F. 1954. A sequential sampling technique for spruce budworm egg surveys. Canadian Journal of Zoology 32: 302-313. - New Window
- Morris, R. F. 1955. The development of sampling techniques for forest insect
defoliators, with particular reference to the spruce budworm. Canadian Journal of Zoology 33: 225-294. - New Window
- Régnière, J.J.; Sanders, C.J. 1983. Optimal sample size for the esimation of spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) populations on balsam fir and white spruce. The Canadian Entomologist 115: 1621-1626. - New Window
- Régnière, J.; Lysyk, T. J.; Auger, M. 1989. Population density estimation of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on balsam fir and white spruce from 45-cm mid-crown branch tips. Canadian Entomologist 121: 267-281. - New Window
- Sanders, C.J. 1980. A summary of current techniques used for sampling spruce budworm populations and estimating defoliation in eastern Canada. Canadian Forest Service Information Report O-X-306: 34 pages.. - New Window
- Sanders, C. J. 1988. Monitoring spruce budworm population density with sex
pheromone traps. Canadian Entomologist 120: 175-183. - New Window
- Sanders, C. J. 1996. Guidelines for using sex pheromone traps to monitor eastern
spruce budworm population densities. Frontline Tech. Note No. 94. Sault Ste. Marie, ON: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre; 4 p. - New Window
- Simmons, G.A.; Fowler. G.W. 1984. Considerations when sampling spruce budworm egg masses on balsam fir in the lake states: low to extreme population levels. The Great Lakes Entomologist 17: 87-95. - New Window
- Waters, W.E. 1974. Sequential sampling applied to forest insect surveys. In Proceedings of IUFRO/SAF/SUNY symposium on monitoring forest environment through successive sampling. June 24-26, Syracuse, NY. pp. 290-311. - New Window
- Witter, J. A.; Lynch, A. M. 1985. Spruce budworms handbook: rating spruce-fir stands for spruce budworm damage in eastern North America. Agric. Handb. 636. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; 22 p. - New Window
- Wilson, L.F. 1959. Branch 'tip' sampling for determining abundance of spruce budworm egg masses. Journal of Economic Entomology 52: 618-621. - New Window
